Tag: technology

Nope, I am not about to talk about figures from the Hebrew Bible (you’re certainly in the wrong place if that is what you’re after), but instead some fantastic student-led work that was published recently by two of my students.

Firstly, Joshua Bland, who was an Honours student of mine at Flinders University during 2022-23, has published a paper in the mulitidisciplinary journal iScience with the title “Comparison of diverse mandibular mechanics during biting in Devonian lungfishes“.

He worked on fossil lungfishes from the Late Devonian Gogo Formation, of northern Western Australia, which are beautifully preserved in 3D. Gogo is an interesting site for lungfishes, as this ancient tropical reef preserves the most diverse assemblage of lungfish species in any space or time from throughout their 400 million year history.

The lungfish at Gogo are taxonomically diverse (many species), but also morphologically disparate (anatomically different from each other). We wondered how this may impact function, did their jaws work biomechanically differently from one another?

To answer this question, Josh used a technique adapted from engineering, called Finite Element Analysis (FEA). FEA is a computer-based method used to predict how structures respond to external forces by calculating the stress and strain within small, divided elements of the object. The first use of FEA in palaeontology was by Emily Rayfield and colleagues on the skull of a large theropod dinosaur in 2001, so its use remains quite recent for the field, and our study is the most comprehensive application to fossil fishes published thus far (yay!).

Together with our co-authors, Hugo Dutel, John A. Long, Matteo Fabbri, Joseph Bevitt, and Kate Trinajstic, and our very own FEA guru, Olga Panagiotopoulou, we found a diversity of stress and strain experienced by our lower jaw models, with some surprising results. This diversity of jaw morphology and biomechanics seen among the lungfish at Gogo may have been one of the reasons driving their great success. Different lungfish were adapted for eating very different things and so weren’t in resource competition with each other.

Our comprehensive dataset offers the most detailed quantification of biting performance in any fossil fish thus far, providing biomechanical evidence for diverse feeding adaptations and niche partitioning within Gogo lungfishes.

And then to add to the excitement, another paper was published in the same week from another Joshua! This time it was current PhD student, Joshua Batt, publishing his first peer-reviewed paper in the Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology with “New rhizodontid (Tetrapodomorpha, Sarcopterygii) material from Romer’s gap (Tournaisian) of the Ballagan Formation (Scotland, UK).”

Working together with Dr Tom Challands, from the University of Edinburgh, researchers at Flinders University have been busy preparing and describing a real beast of a fish from the Early Carboniferous of the UK. The specimen was extracted by Tom and colleagues from Burnmouth in Scotland, but 10 or so large blocks of material came to Australia in 2020 for further study. Painstaking mechanical preparation has been done by Carey Burke and revealed what is likely to be one of, if not the most, complete articulated rhizodont fish known.

Rhizodonts were large predatory lobe-finned fishes that lived throughout the Devonian and Carboniferous periods, usually in freshwater or estuarine environments. Some are thought to have grown as big as seven meters in length and they had very big teeth. Not a fish I would like to swim with!

Josh started working on this material for his Honours project during 2024, and there still remains a lot of it to be formally described, especially post-cranial material, but this first “rapid communication” paper presents the “main skull block”. Is this thing more beauty or beast… (perhaps beauty really is in the eye of the beholder?)

Needless to say, I felt very proud seeing two of my students have their first peer-reviewed publications come out. I expect more good things to come from both of them.

Want more? You can find both of these fantastic papers via the links below:

• Batt, J.P., Challands, T.J., Long, J.A., Burke, C., and CLEMENT, A. M. (2025). New rhizodontid (Tetrapodomorpha, Sarcopterygii) material from Romer’s gap (Tournaisian) of the Ballagan Formation (Scotland, UK). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 
• Bland, J., Dutel, H., Long, J. A., Fabbri, M., Bevitt, J., Trinajstic, K., Panagiotopoulou, O. & CLEMENT, A. M. (2025). Comparison of diverse mandibular mechanics during biting in Devonian lungfishes. iScience, 28, 112970.